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11.
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Scott Murtishaw Jayant Sathaye Christina Galitsky Kristel Dorion 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2006,11(3):645-665
The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and the Center for Sustainable Development in the Americas (CSDA)
conducted technical studies and organized two training workshops to develop capacity in Central America for the evaluation
of climate change projects. This paper describes the results of two baseline case studies conducted for these workshops, one
for the power sector and one for the cement industry, that were devised to illustrate certain approaches to baseline setting.
Multiproject baseline emission rates (BERs) for the main Guatemalan electricity grid were calculated from 2001 data. In recent
years, the Guatemalan power sector has experienced rapid growth; thus, a sufficient number of new plants have been built to
estimate viable BERs. We found that BERs for baseload plants offsetting additional baseload capacity ranged from 0.702 kgCO2/kWh
(using a weighted average stringency) to 0.507 kgCO2/kWh (using a 10th percentile stringency), while the baseline for plants
offsetting load-following capacity is lower at 0.567 kgCO2/kWh. For power displaced from existing load-following plants, the
rate is higher, 0.735 kgCO2/kWh, as a result of the age of some plants used for meeting peak loads and the infrequency of
their use. The approved consolidated methodology for the Clean Development Mechanism yields a single rate of 0.753 kgCO2/kWh.
Due to the relatively small number of cement plants in the region and the regional nature of the cement market, all of Central
America was chosen as the geographic boundary for setting cement industry BERs. Unfortunately, actual operations and output
data were unobtainable for most of the plants in the region, and many data were estimated. Cement industry BERs ranged from
205 kgCO2 to 225 kgCO2 per metric ton of cement. 相似文献
13.
含镉废水处理的试验研究 总被引:16,自引:1,他引:16
本文对含镉废水的治理进行了不同处理法的研究探讨。结果表明,硫化物──聚合硫酸铁沉定法、铁氧体法操作简单、效果理想,具有较好的应用前景。本研究优先推荐硫化物──聚合硫酸铁沉淀法,该法的条件易于控制、pH值适应范围大,除镉效果好,并能同时去除其它重金属离子。镉去除率达99.6%以上,铜和锌的去除率达99.4%以上。 相似文献
14.
化学沉淀法除磷和生物法除磷的比较 总被引:24,自引:0,他引:24
对化学沉淀法除磷和生物法除磷的机理作了较详细的阐述,并就两者在除磷效果,污泥产量,污泥处置,除磷费用方面进行了比较。结果表明,两种方法磷的去除率比较接近,总费用没有明显差别,其优点是,生物法除磷污泥产量少,而化学沉淀法除磷操作简便。 相似文献
15.
赵喜萍 《辽宁城乡环境科技》2006,26(1):39-41
根据某污水处理场沉淀池的COD和SS去除率较低的情况,文中着重探讨了问题的产生原因,并针对平流式沉淀池及斜管式沉淀池提出了相应的改进方案,实践证明改进后提高了COD和SS去除率30%,并明显降低了二级生物处理阶段的有机物负荷,节省了大量的暴气量通过改进达到了降低处理场其它环节的负荷和降低污水处理成本的目的。 相似文献
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18.
James R Payne John R Clayton Jr. Bruce E Kirstein 《Spill Science & Technology Bulletin》2003,8(2):201-221
The interactions of physically dispersed oil droplets with suspended particulate material (SPM) can be important for the transport of bulk quantities of spilled crude oil and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to subtidal sediments. The literature regarding oil/SPM interactions is reviewed, and results from whole-oil droplet/SPM interaction kinetics and pure-component (Prudhoe Bay crude oil distillate cut) equilibrium partitioning experiments are presented. The effects of oil type, SPM characteristics, and salinity on the interaction rates are examined, and the importance of whole-oil droplet/SPM interactions on particle agglomeration and settling behavior are discussed. Whole-oil droplet/SPM interactions are retarded as oil droplet dispersion into the water column is inhibited by oil viscosity increases due to evaporation weathering and water-in-oil emulsification. Compared to whole oil droplet/SPM interactions, dissolved-component/SPM adsorption is not as significant for transport of individual components to sediments. The information presented in this paper can be used to augment computer-based models designed to predict oil-spill trajectories, oil-weathering behavior, and spilled oil impacts to the marine environment. 相似文献
19.
20.
James L. Clayton Walter F Megahan 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1997,33(3):689-703
ABSTRACT: Natural rates of surface erosion on forested granitic soils in central Idaho were measured in 40 m2 bordered erosion plots over a period of four years. In addition, we measured a variety of site variables, soil properties, and summer rainstorm intensities in order to relate erosion rates to site attributes. Median winter erosion rates are approximately twice summer period rates, however mean summer rates are nearly twice winter rates because of infrequent high erosion caused by summer rainstorms. Regression equation models and regression tree models were constructed to explore relationships between erosion and factors that control erosion rates. Ground cover is the single factor that has the greatest influence on erosion rates during both summer and winter periods. Rainstorm intensity (erosivity index) strongly influences summer erosion rates, even on soils with high ground cover percentages. Few summer storms were of sufficient duration and intensity to cause rilling on the plots, and the data set was too small to elucidate differences in rill vs. interrill erosion. The regression tree models are relatively less biased than the regression equations developed, and explained 70 and 84 percent of the variability in summer and winter erosion rates, respectively. 相似文献